२०. कर्तरी व कर्मणी प्रयोग : (Active and Passive Voice)
English Grammar in Marathi
२०. कर्तरी व कर्मणी प्रयोग :
(Active and Passive Voice)
कर्ता, कर्म आणि क्रियापद यांच्या परस्परसंबंधाला प्रयोग असे म्हणतात. कोणतेही वाक्य पूर्ण होण्यासाठी वाक्यात किमान कर्ता व क्रियापद यांची आवश्यकता असते. तसेच वाक्यात कर्म ही असते, कर्माशिवाय वाक्य बनवता येते.
उदाहरणार्थ :
तो जातो. (He goes)
रामा आंबा खातो. (Rama eats a mango) या वाक्यात रामा काय खातो ? असा प्रश्न विचारला तर रामा आंबा खातो असे उत्तर मिळते व आंबा हे या वाक्याचे कर्म आहे हे समजते.
ज्या वाक्यात कर्ताप्रमाणे क्रियापदामध्ये बदल होतो त्यास कर्तरी प्रयोग (Active Voice)असे म्हणतात.
उदाहरणार्थ :
Rama eats a mango.
I eat a mango.
ज्या वाक्यात कर्माप्रमाणे क्रियापदामध्ये बदल होतो त्यास कर्मणी प्रयोग (Passive Voice)असे म्हणतात.
उदाहरणार्थ :
A mango is eaten by Rama.
The mangoes are eaten by me.
कर्तरी वाक्य कर्मणी करताना पुढील नियम वापरतात.
१. मूळ वाक्याचे क्रियापद शोधतात.
२. कर्तरी वाक्यातील जे क्रियापद असेल त्या क्रियापदाला काय अथवा कोणाला हा प्रश्न विचारावा व प्रथम वाक्यातील कर्म शोधून काढतात.
३. त्या कर्माने वाक्याला सुरवात करतात, त्यानंतर कर्तानुसार to be या क्रियापदाचा मूळ वाक्यातील काळानुसार योग्य रुप वापरतात व त्यानंतर मूळ क्रियापदाचे तिसरे रुप वापरतात.
४. त्यानंतर मूळ वाक्यातील कर्ता नवीन वाक्याच्या शेवटी द्वितीया विभक्तीमध्ये वापरतात व त्यापूर्वी by हा शब्द वापरतात.
उदाहरणार्थ :
She wites a letter.
A letter is written by her.
वरील कर्मणी वाक्यात by च्या पुढे पहिल्या वाक्यातील कर्ताची द्वितीया विभक्ती वापरली आहे. कर्ता हा एकवचनी आहे, म्हणून is written अशी रचना वापरली आहे. परतुं कर्ता जर अनेकवचनी असेल तर वाक्या पुढीलप्रमाणे होईल.
उदाहरणार्थ :
They write letters.
The letters are written by them.
याचाच अर्थ वाक्याच्या काळानुसार to be या क्रियापदाचे योग्य रुप वापरतात.
५. क्रियापद म्हणून वाक्यप्रचार (Phrase) वापरलेली असेल तर त्या वाक्यप्रचारामधील शब्दयोगी अव्यय त्या क्रियापदाबरोबरच वापरतात व ते क्रियापदानंतर वापरतात.
उदाहरणार्थ :
Ram laughed at me.
I was laughed at by Ram.
६. मूळच्या वाक्यात जर दोन कर्मे वापरलेली असतील तर दोन प्रकारची रचना तयार होते.
उदाहरणार्थ :
She gave them the keys.
The keys were given to them by her.
or
They were given the keys.
७. साधा वर्तमानकाळातील वाक्यांचे कर्मणी वाक्ये :
साधा वर्तमानकाळी वाक्य कर्मनी करताना to be या क्रियापदाचे am, is, are यापैकी योग्य रुप वापरतात.
उदाहरणार्थ :
I write a letter.
A letter is written by me.
We write a letters.
The letters are written by us.
You write a letter.
A letter is written by you.
You write a letters.
The letters are written by you.
He writes a letter.
A letter is written by him.
She writes a letter.
A letter is written by her.
They write a letter.
The letters are written by them.
८. साधा भूतकाळातील वाक्यांचे कर्मणी वाक्ये :
साधा वर्तमानकाळी वाक्य कर्मनी करताना to be या क्रियापदाचे was, were यापैकी योग्य रुप वापरतात.
उदाहरणार्थ :
I wrote a letter.
A letter was written by me.
We wrote a letters.
The letters were written by us.
You wrote a letter.
A letter was written by you.
You wrote a letters.
The letters were written by you.
He wrote a letter.
A letter was written by him.
She wrote a letter.
A letter was written by her.
They wrote a letter.
The letters were written by them.
८. साधा भविष्यकाळातील वाक्यांचे कर्मणी वाक्ये :
साधा भविष्यकाळी वाक्य कर्मनी करताना shall or will यांच्यापुढे be हे क्रियापद वापरुन त्यापुढे मूळ क्रियापदाचे तिसरे रुप वापरतात.
उदाहरणार्थ :
I shall write a letter.
A letter will be written by me.
We shall write letters.
The letters letter will be written by us.
You will write a letter.
A letter will be written by you.
You will write a letters.
The letters letter will be written by you.
He will write a letter.
A letter will be written by him.
She will write a letter.
A letter will be written by her.
They will write a letters.
The letters will be written by them.
९. अपुर्ण वर्तमानकाळातील वाक्यांचे कर्मणी वाक्ये :
अपुर्ण वर्तमानकाळी वाक्य असेल तर मूळ क्रियापदास लावलेला ing प्रत्यय काढून तो प्रत्यय to be या क्रियापदास लावून being हे रुप वापरतात. am, is, are यापैकी योग्य रुप वापरुन त्यापुढे क्रियापदाचे तिसरे रुप वापरतात.
उदाहरणार्थ :
I am writing a letter.
A letter is being written by me.
We are writing a letters.
The letters are being written by us.
You are writing a letter.
A letter is being written by you.
You are writing a letters.
The letters are being written by you.
He is writing a letter.
A letter is being written by him.
She is writing a letter.
A letter is being written by her.
They are writing a letters.
The letters are being written by them.
१०. अपुर्ण भूतकाळातील वाक्यांचे कर्मणी वाक्ये :
अपुर्ण भूतकाळी वाक्य असेल तर मूळ क्रियापदास लावलेला ing प्रत्यय काढून तो प्रत्यय to be या क्रियापदास लावून being हे रुप वापरतात. was, were यापैकी योग्य रुप वापरुन त्यापुढे क्रियापदाचे तिसरे रुप वापरतात.
उदाहरणार्थ :
I was writting a letter.
A letter is being written by me.
We are writting letters.
The letters are being written by us.
You are writting a letter.
A letter is being written by you.
You are writting letters.
The letters are being written by you.
He is writting a letter.
A letter is being written by him.
She is writting a letter.
A letter is being written by her.
Ther are writting letters.
The letters are being written by them.
११. अपुर्ण भविष्यकाळातील वाक्यांचे कर्मणी वाक्ये :
अपुर्ण भविष्यकाळी वाक्य असेल तर मूळ क्रियापदास लावलेला ing प्रत्यय काढून तो प्रत्यय to be या क्रियापदास लावून being हे रुप वापरतात. will be or shall be यापैकी योग्य रुप वापरुन त्यापुढे क्रियापदाचे तिसरे रुप वापरतात.
उदाहरणार्थ :
I shall be writing a letter.
A letter will be being written by me.
We shall be writing letters.
The letters will be being written by us.
You will be writing a letter.
A letter will be being written by by you.
You will be be writing a letters.
The letters will be being written by you.
He will be writing a letter.
A letter will be being written by him.
She will be writing a letter.
A letter will be being written by her.
They will be writing a letters.
The letters will be being written by them.
१२. पुर्ण वर्तमानकाळातील वाक्यांचे कर्मणी वाक्ये :
पुर्ण वर्तमानकाळी वाक्य कर्मणी करताना have been, has been हे रुप वापरुन त्यापुढे मूळ क्रियापदाचे तिसरे रुप वापरतात.
उदाहरणार्थ :
I have written a letter.
A letter has been written by me.
We have written letters.
The letters have been written by us.
You have written a letter.
A letter has been written by you.
You have written letters.
The letters have been written by you.
He has written a letter.
A letter has been written by him.
She has written a letter.
A letter has been written by her.
They have written letters.
The letters have been written by them.
१३. पुर्ण भूतकाळातील वाक्यांचे कर्मणी वाक्ये :
पुर्ण भूतकाळी वाक्य कर्मणी करताना had been हे रुप वापरुन त्यापुढे मूळ क्रियापदाचे तिसरे रुप वापरतात.
उदाहरणार्थ :
I had written a letter.
A letter had been written by me.
We had written letters.
The letters had been written by us.
You had written a letter.
A letter had been written by you.
You had written letters.
The letters had been written by you.
He had written a letter.
A letter had been written by him.
She had written a letter.
A letter had been written by her.
They had written letters.
The letters had been written by them.
१४. पुर्ण भविष्यकाळातील वाक्यांचे कर्मणी वाक्ये :
वाक्य पूर्ण भविष्यकाळी मधील असल्यास shall have been, will have been यातील योग्य रुप वापरतात व त्यानंतर मूळ क्रियापदाचे तिसरे रुप वापरतात.
उदाहरणार्थ :
I shall have written a letter.
A letter will have been written by me.
We shall have written letters.
The letters will have been written by us.
You will have written a letter.
A letter will have been written by you.
You will have written letters.
The letters will have been written by you.
He will have written a letter.
A letter will have been written by him.
She will have written a letter.
A letter will have been written by her.
They will have written letters.
The letters will have been written by them.
१५. shall, will, can, may, must या साहाय्यकारी क्रियापदे असलेल्या वाक्यांचे कर्मणी करताना यांच्यापुढे be हे रुप लिहून त्यानंतर मूळ क्रियापदाचे तिसरे रुप वापरतात.
उदाहरणार्थ :
I shall give a pen.
The pen will be given by me.
Rama will take a big pot.
A big pot will be taken by Rama.
Raju can read English.
English can be read by Raju.
Sita may write a poem.
A poemmay be written by Sita.
They must eat apples.
The Apple must be eaten by them.
१६. प्रश्नार्थी वाक्याचे कर्मणी करतना प्रथम वाक्याचे विधानार्थी वाक्य करतात नंतर त्या वाक्याचा कर्मणी प्रयोग करतात व त्यांनतर पुन्हा त्याचे प्रशनार्थी वाक्य करतात.
उदाहरणार्थ :
Did you sing a poem ?
प्रथम विधानार्थी वाक्य बनवतात.
You sang a poem.
याचे कर्मणी प्रयोग बनवतात.
A poemwas sung by you.
नंतर याचे प्रश्नार्थी वाक्य बनवतात.
Was a poem sung by you.
१६. आज्ञार्थी वाक्याचे कर्मणी करताना क्रियापद सकर्मक असेल तर let वापरतात.
उदाहरणार्थ :
Tell this story.
Let this story be told (by you).
क्रियापद अकर्मक असेल तर कर्मणी करतार्ना you are requested or you are ordered यांपैकी योग्य वापरतात.
उदाहरणार्थ :
Go there.
You are requested to go there.
or
You are ordered to go there.
अशा वाक्यार्त you are requested or you are ordered या पुढे क्रियापदाचे मूळ रुप वापरतात.
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कर्तरी व कमणी प्रयोगाची आणखी काही उदाहरणे :
The cat killed the mouse.
The mouse was killed by the cat.
Subhash loves Suresh.
Suresh is loved by Subhash.
Rama will ask you a question.
You will be asked a question by Rama.
or
A question will be asked to you by Rama.
Sudhir was making a kite.
A kite was being made by Sudhir.
John scored fifty runs.
The fifty runs were scored by John.
Let us hear his song.
Let his song be heard by us.
He drinks a cup of tea.
A cup of tea is drunk by him.
Kalidas wrote this play.
This play was written by Kalidas.
His father punished him.
He was punished by his father.
Who did this ?
By whom was this done ?
#English #Grammar in Marathi
#इंग्रजी #व्याकरण मराठीत.
*टिप :या वेबसाईट वरील कंटेंट किंवा माहिती ही केवळ शिक्षण किंवा ऐज्यूकेशनल वापरासाठी आहे, तरी याचा कुठेही कायदेशीर कारवाई करीता वापर करु नये तसेच या मध्ये काही चुका आढळल्यास त्यासाठी प्रकाशक किंवा वेबसाईट चे मालक जबाबदार असणार नाहीत, चुका निदर्शनास आणून दिल्यास सुधारण्याचा प्रयत्न केला जाईल.